🇪🇺 EU (Germany) → 🇨🇳 China

EU Export Certifications

No general export certification. Dual-use items: export license from national authority. Sanctions compliance: must screen all parties against EU sanctions lists.

Required Export Documents (EU)

Export declaration (ECS electronic), Commercial Invoice, Packing List, B/L or AWB, Certificate of Origin, Export License for dual-use items (EU 2021/821).

Submit Export Declaration via ECS

Export declaration filed electronically via Export Control System (ECS). Pre-departure declaration required. Customs issues export permit (MRN — Movement Reference Number).

Prepare Export Documents

Export declaration, commercial invoice, packing list, B/L or AWB, certificate of origin (if needed), export license (for dual-use/controlled items).

Submit Export Declaration via ECS

Export declaration filed electronically via Export Control System (ECS). Pre-departure declaration required. Customs issues export permit (MRN — Movement Reference Number).

Prepare Export Documents

Export declaration, commercial invoice, packing list, B/L or AWB, certificate of origin (if needed), export license (for dual-use/controlled items).

Shipping Timeline from China

China → US (West Coast): Ocean 15-20 days, $2,800-4,200/FEU. Air 3-5 days, $5-8/kg. China → US (East Coast): Ocean 25-35 days, $3,500-5,500/FEU. China → Japan: Ocean 3-7 days, $500-1,200/FEU. Air 1-2 days, $3-6/kg. China → EU (Rotterdam): Ocean 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,500/FEU. China → Korea: Ocean 2-4 days, $300-700/FEU. Export customs clearance: typically 1-2 days after declaration.

China Import Customs Clearance Timeline [CNI]

Average customs clearance time (from declaration to release): Standard goods: 1-3 business days (Single Window has reduced from 16 hours to ~2 hours for green channel). Goods requiring inspection: 3-7 business days. First-time imports with lab testing: 15-20 business days. Major port processing times (2026): Shanghai (洋山/外高桥): 1-2 days average. Shenzhen (盐田/蛇口): 1-2 days. Guangzhou (南沙): 1-2 days. Qingdao (青岛): 2-3 days. Tianjin (天津): 2-3 days. AEO-certified enterprises: typically same-day or next-day clearance.

Shipping Timeline: US to China [CNI]

Ocean freight: US west coast (LA/Long Beach) → Shanghai/Shenzhen: 15-20 days. US east coast (NY/Savannah) → Shanghai: 25-35 days. Transit via Pacific: most common route for US-China trade. Air freight: 2-4 days (major airports: LAX→PVG, JFK→PEK, ORD→CAN). Ocean container cost (2026): $1,500-3,500/FEU (US→China direction typically cheaper than China→US). Air freight cost: $4-8/kg. Add 1-3 days for China customs clearance (standard goods).

Shipping Timeline from EU

EU → China: Ocean 25-35 days, $2,500-4,500/FEU. EU → US: Ocean 10-14 days, $2,000-3,500/FEU. EU → Japan: Ocean 25-35 days, $2,500-4,000/FEU.

Shipping Timeline to EU

From China: Ocean (Shanghai→Rotterdam) 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,500/FEU. Air 2-3 days, $4-7/kg. From US: Ocean (NY→Rotterdam) 10-14 days, $2,000-3,500/FEU. Air 1-2 days, $3-6/kg. From Japan: Ocean (Tokyo→Hamburg) 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,000/FEU. From Korea: Ocean 25-32 days, $2,200-3,800/FEU. Customs clearance: 1-3 days typical.

Import Customs Declaration Form (进口报关单) [CNI]

Primary customs document filed electronically via Single Window. Contains 50+ data fields including: consignee code, HS code, quantity, value, trade terms, transport mode, country of origin. One declaration per B/L (or consolidated for multiple B/Ls from same consignment).

Commercial Invoice (商业发票) [CNI]

Must include: seller, buyer, contract number, description, quantity, unit price, total amount, trade terms (Incoterms), payment terms. Used for customs valuation. Chinese customs may challenge declared value if significantly below reference prices.

Packing List (装箱单) [CNI]

Detailed contents of each container/package: item description, quantity per package, gross weight, net weight, dimensions, marks and numbers. Must match commercial invoice.

Bill of Lading / Air Waybill (提单/空运单) [CNI]

Ocean: Original Bill of Lading (usually 3 originals). Air: Air Waybill. B/L number is linked to customs declaration. Required for cargo release from port terminal.

Trade Contract (贸易合同) [CNI]

Import contract between buyer and seller. Must be presented to customs if requested. Key elements: parties, product description, quantity, price, payment terms, trade terms, delivery schedule. Customs may request to verify value declarations.

Insurance Policy/Certificate (保险单) [CNI]

Required if goods are insured (standard for CIF terms). Insurance certificate or policy showing coverage amount and risks covered. Used in customs valuation for CIF-based assessment.

Certificate of Origin (原产地证书) [CNI]

Required for claiming preferential tariff rates under FTAs/RCEP. For RCEP: issued by authorized body (e.g., CCPIT for Chinese exports) or approved exporter self-declaration. For MFN rates: not strictly required but customs may request. For non-preferential purposes: proves origin for trade statistics and potential retaliatory tariff application.

Inspection/Quarantine Certificate (检验检疫证书) [CNI]

Required for goods in the Statutory Inspection Catalog. Includes: health certificate (food/animal products), phytosanitary certificate (plants), quality inspection certificate, safety certificate. Must be obtained from exporting country's competent authority before shipping.

Import License (进口许可证) — If Required [CNI]

Required for goods in the Import License Management Catalogue (2026 version: MOFCOM/GACC Announcement 2025 No.88). Covers: certain machinery, electronics requiring approval, ozone-depleting substances, controlled chemicals, endangered species products. Automatic import license (自动进口许可证) for monitored goods: issued within 3 working days.

Importer Registration and Qualification [CNI]

Foreign trade operators must register with MOFCOM (商务部) for import/export rights (对外贸易经营者备案). Then register with local Customs (海关注册登记). Both done via China International Trade Single Window (国际贸易单一窗口, singlewindow.cn). Registration is free and takes 1-3 business days. Foreign companies must import through a registered Chinese entity (subsidiary, agent, or consignee). Customs registration number (海关注册编码, 10 digits) is required for all declarations.

Pre-Arrival Preparation and Inspection Application [CNI]

For goods in the Statutory Inspection Catalog (法定检验目录), apply for CIQ inspection BEFORE arrival. Submit to local China Customs (previously separate CIQ bureau, merged into Customs in 2018). Food, cosmetics, medical devices require pre-registration of overseas manufacturers with GACC. Pre-arrival customs declaration allowed (提前申报) — can file up to 24 hours before vessel arrival.

Submit Import Customs Declaration (进口报关) [CNI]

File electronically via China International Trade Single Window or China E-Port (中国电子口岸). Declaration form (报关单) includes: consignee, HS code (8 or 10 digits), quantity, value, trade terms (Incoterms), transport mode, country of origin, destination port. Customs broker (报关行) typically handles declaration. Must be filed within 14 days of vessel arrival (penalty for late filing: 0.05% of duty per day, max 30%).

Customs Review and Inspection (审单/查验) [CNI]

Customs applies risk-based review: (1) Green channel — auto-release (majority of shipments). (2) Yellow channel — document review. (3) Red channel — physical inspection. Inspection rate varies: ~5% for general goods, higher for first-time importers and high-risk products. AEO-certified enterprises (高级认证企业) get significantly lower inspection rates (~0.5%). If inspection required: goods presented at customs supervision area, typically takes 1-2 days.

Pay Duties, VAT, and Consumption Tax (税费缴纳) [CNI]

After customs release, importer receives tax payment notice (税款缴款书). Must pay within 15 days of receipt. Components: (1) Import duty (关税) — based on HS code rate x customs value (CIF). (2) Import VAT (进口增值税) — 13% standard, calculated on (CIF + duty + consumption tax). (3) Consumption tax (消费税) — only on specific luxury/resource goods. Payment via bank transfer, electronic payment, or customs guarantee. Late payment: 0.05% per day (滞纳金).

Goods Release and Post-Clearance Audit (放行/后续监管) [CNI]

After duties paid and inspection passed, customs issues release notice (放行通知). Goods can be picked up from port/warehouse. Post-clearance audit (海关稽查): Customs can audit import records for up to 3 years after import. 5 years for goods subject to duty reduction/exemption or bonded treatment.

China MFN Tariff on Japanese Goods — Electronics

Most electronics from Japan are Free (0%) under ITA, same as other WTO members. RCEP provides preferential rates on non-ITA products. China's standard VAT on imports: 13%. No special tariffs on Japanese goods (unlike US 301). Note: China banned Japanese seafood imports since August 2023 (Fukushima water release). Status as of 2026: seafood ban partially eased under diplomatic negotiations.

China Import Tariff Structure — Overview [CNI]

China's import tariff has multiple layers applied in order of priority: (1) Provisional rates (暂定税率): lowest, applied to 935 items in 2026 to encourage imports of strategic goods. (2) MFN rates (最惠国税率): apply to WTO member goods, default for most trading partners. (3) FTA/RCEP conventional rates (协定税率): preferential rates under 24 FTAs with 34 partners. (4) General rates (普通税率): highest, apply to non-WTO/non-FTA countries (rare in practice). Priority: Provisional > FTA/RCEP > MFN > General. Electronics (HS 85) MFN rates: mostly 0% under WTO ITA (Information Technology Agreement). China joined ITA in 2003; covers most HS 8471, 8517, 8518, 8528 sub-headings.

China Import Tariff — Electronics Rates (HS 85) [CNI]

Under the ITA, most electronics have 0% MFN tariff. Key HS codes: 8471 (computers): 0%. 8517 (telecom equipment including smartphones): 0%. 8518 (speakers, headphones): 0%. 8528 (monitors, projectors): 0%. 8541/8542 (semiconductors, ICs): 0%. NON-ITA electronics with tariffs: 8509 (household appliances): 7-10%. 8516 (electric heaters, hair dryers): 7-10%. 8508 (vacuum cleaners): 10%. 2026 provisional rates: further reduced for specific components (e.g., CNC parts, certain sensors).

China Import Tariff — RCEP Preferential Rates [CNI]

RCEP entered into force for China on January 1, 2022. Partners: Japan, Korea, Australia, NZ, ASEAN. China eliminates tariffs on ~91% of tariff lines over 10-20 years. For electronics (already 0% under ITA): RCEP provides no additional tariff benefit. Key benefits of RCEP for China imports: chemicals, machinery parts, auto parts, processed foods, textiles. Requires RCEP Certificate of Origin; regional cumulation rules allow content from all 15 RCEP members. Japan is the most significant new partner — first-ever tariff arrangement between China and Japan.

China Import Tariff — Retaliatory Tariffs on US Goods (2026 Status) [CNI]

China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods starting 2018, escalated through 2025. Under the Busan Agreement (Oct 30, 2025): China SUSPENDED all retaliatory tariffs imposed since March 2025. Pre-Busan retaliatory tariffs (2018-2019 rounds) remain: 5-25% on ~$110B of US goods. Key affected US exports: soybeans (25%), automobiles (25%), LNG (25%), aircraft (10%), certain electronics components (10-25%). Note: These are ON TOP of MFN rates and apply specifically to US-origin goods.

CCC Certification (3C认证) for Imports [CNI]

China Compulsory Certification is mandatory for ALL products sold in China (domestic or imported). 17 major categories, ~123 product types. Electronics covered: household appliances, IT equipment, audio/video equipment, lighting, telecom terminals. Process: (1) Apply to CNCA-designated certification body (e.g., CQC). (2) Submit samples for testing at designated lab. (3) Factory inspection (for foreign manufacturers). (4) Receive CCC certificate. Timeline: 2-4 months. Cost: $5,000-$15,000. Products WITHOUT CCC cannot clear customs for domestic sale. Exemptions: goods for personal use, exhibition only, processing trade for re-export.

SRRC Radio Approval (型号核准) for Imports [CNI]

Mandatory for ALL radio-transmitting devices sold/used in China. Covers: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, NFC, RFID, GPS, any RF-emitting equipment. Issued by MIIT (工信部). Testing at MIIT-authorized labs (e.g., CTTL, SRMC). Must be obtained BEFORE CCC application (SRRC is a prerequisite for CCC on wireless products). Timeline: 4-8 weeks. Cost: $2,000-$5,000 per model.

CIQ Statutory Inspection (法定检验) for Imports [CNI]

Goods in the Statutory Inspection Catalog (法检目录) must undergo CIQ inspection before domestic sale. Inspection covers: safety, quality, hygiene, environmental protection, fraud prevention. Categories: food, animal/plant products, cosmetics, machinery, electronics (selected), chemicals, textiles. Process: (1) Apply for inspection at port of entry customs. (2) Sampling and testing. (3) Receive CIQ inspection certificate (入境货物检验检疫证明). Timeline: 1-5 business days for standard goods; 15-20 days for first-time imports requiring lab testing. Without CIQ certificate, goods cannot be sold or used domestically.

NMPA Registration for Medical Devices and Drugs [CNI]

National Medical Products Administration (NMPA, formerly CFDA) registration required for: ALL imported medical devices (Class I, II, III) and pharmaceutical drugs. Class I: filing (备案) with local NMPA, simplest. Class II: registration with provincial NMPA. Class III: registration with national NMPA — most stringent, requires clinical trials in China. Drugs: import license from NMPA required. Clinical trials in Chinese population often required. Timeline: Class II — 6-12 months. Class III — 1-3 years. Drugs — 2-5 years. Not applicable to standard electronics (HS 85) unless classified as medical devices.

China RoHS (电器电子产品有害物质限制使用管理办法) [CNI]

China RoHS II (effective January 1, 2019): restricts 6 hazardous substances in EEE products: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB, PBDE. Two stages: (1) ALL EEE products must provide SJ/T 11364 disclosure label showing hazardous substance content. (2) Products in the 'Conformity Assessment Catalog' must undergo mandatory testing and certification — currently covers 12 product categories (TVs, monitors, printers, etc.). Different from EU RoHS: China RoHS uses a disclosure + catalog approach, not a blanket ban. Non-compliance: product may be barred from sale or import.

NAL (Network Access License) for Telecom Equipment [CNI]

Telecom terminal equipment connected to public telecom networks requires NAL (网络接入许可, 进网许可). Issued by MIIT. Covers: smartphones, routers, switches, modems, base stations. Requires: SRRC radio approval + NAL testing at MIIT labs. Timeline: 2-3 months. Cost: $3,000-$8,000. Required in addition to CCC for telecom products.