🇨🇳 China → 🇪🇺 EU (Germany)

CCC Certification (3C认证)

China Compulsory Certification is required for products sold in China. For export-only products, CCC is NOT required. However, if the product is also sold domestically, CCC is mandatory. Covers 17 major categories including electronics, appliances, auto parts, toys.

CIQ Inspection (商检)

China Inspection and Quarantine. Required for products in the statutory inspection catalog (法定检验目录). Inspection certificate must be obtained before customs declaration for listed products.

Required Export Documents (China)

Complete set: Trade Contract (贸易合同), Commercial Invoice (商业发票), Packing List (装箱单), Bill of Lading or Airway Bill (提运单), Customs Declaration Form (报关单, filed via Single Window), Power of Attorney (报关委托书, if using customs broker), Export License (出口许可证, if applicable), Inspection Certificate (检验检疫证书, if product is on statutory inspection list).

Enterprise Registration with Customs

Chinese exporters must register with customs (海关注册备案) before conducting trade. Apply through China International Trade Single Window (单一窗口) or local customs office.

Prepare Export Documents

Required documents: Trade contract (贸易合同), Commercial invoice (商业发票), Packing list (装箱单), Bill of lading/Airway bill (提运单), Customs power of attorney if using agent (报关委托书), Export license if applicable (出口许可证), Inspection certificate if applicable (检验检疫证书).

Submit Electronic Customs Declaration (报关)

File electronic declaration via China E-Port (中国电子口岸) system. Must be submitted after goods arrive at customs supervision area and at least 24 hours before loading. Declaration includes: consignee, HS code, quantity, value, trade terms, transport info.

Customs Inspection (查验) if Required

Customs may inspect goods based on risk assessment. Inspection rate varies by product category and exporter compliance history. If selected, goods must be presented for physical examination.

Release and Loading (放行装货)

After declaration accepted and inspection passed (if required), customs issues release notice. Goods can then be loaded onto the vessel/aircraft.

Export Tax Rebate Application (出口退税)

After goods exported, apply for VAT/consumption tax rebate through tax authority. Standard rate for electronics (HS 85): 13%. Process: collect documents → file with tax bureau → receive rebate (1-3 months). IMPORTANT (2026 change): China cut or eliminated rebates for 249 product categories effective April 1, 2026. Solar/PV products: rebate ELIMINATED. Battery products: reduced from 9% to 6% (eliminated entirely from Jan 2027). General electronics (including HS 8517 telecom equipment): 13% rate UNCHANGED as of April 2026.

Enterprise Registration with Customs

Chinese exporters must register with customs (海关注册备案) before conducting trade. Apply through China International Trade Single Window (单一窗口) or local customs office.

Prepare Export Documents

Required documents: Trade contract (贸易合同), Commercial invoice (商业发票), Packing list (装箱单), Bill of lading/Airway bill (提运单), Customs power of attorney if using agent (报关委托书), Export license if applicable (出口许可证), Inspection certificate if applicable (检验检疫证书).

Submit Electronic Customs Declaration (报关)

File electronic declaration via China E-Port (中国电子口岸) system. Must be submitted after goods arrive at customs supervision area and at least 24 hours before loading. Declaration includes: consignee, HS code, quantity, value, trade terms, transport info.

Customs Inspection (查验) if Required

Customs may inspect goods based on risk assessment. Inspection rate varies by product category and exporter compliance history. If selected, goods must be presented for physical examination.

Release and Loading (放行装货)

After declaration accepted and inspection passed (if required), customs issues release notice. Goods can then be loaded onto the vessel/aircraft.

Export Tax Rebate Application (出口退税)

After goods exported, apply for VAT/consumption tax rebate through tax authority. Standard rate for electronics (HS 85): 13%. Process: collect documents → file with tax bureau → receive rebate (1-3 months). IMPORTANT (2026 change): China cut or eliminated rebates for 249 product categories effective April 1, 2026. Solar/PV products: rebate ELIMINATED. Battery products: reduced from 9% to 6% (eliminated entirely from Jan 2027). General electronics (including HS 8517 telecom equipment): 13% rate UNCHANGED as of April 2026.

Shipping Timeline from China

China → US (West Coast): Ocean 15-20 days, $2,800-4,200/FEU. Air 3-5 days, $5-8/kg. China → US (East Coast): Ocean 25-35 days, $3,500-5,500/FEU. China → Japan: Ocean 3-7 days, $500-1,200/FEU. Air 1-2 days, $3-6/kg. China → EU (Rotterdam): Ocean 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,500/FEU. China → Korea: Ocean 2-4 days, $300-700/FEU. Export customs clearance: typically 1-2 days after declaration.

China Import Customs Clearance Timeline [CNI]

Average customs clearance time (from declaration to release): Standard goods: 1-3 business days (Single Window has reduced from 16 hours to ~2 hours for green channel). Goods requiring inspection: 3-7 business days. First-time imports with lab testing: 15-20 business days. Major port processing times (2026): Shanghai (洋山/外高桥): 1-2 days average. Shenzhen (盐田/蛇口): 1-2 days. Guangzhou (南沙): 1-2 days. Qingdao (青岛): 2-3 days. Tianjin (天津): 2-3 days. AEO-certified enterprises: typically same-day or next-day clearance.

Shipping Timeline: US to China [CNI]

Ocean freight: US west coast (LA/Long Beach) → Shanghai/Shenzhen: 15-20 days. US east coast (NY/Savannah) → Shanghai: 25-35 days. Transit via Pacific: most common route for US-China trade. Air freight: 2-4 days (major airports: LAX→PVG, JFK→PEK, ORD→CAN). Ocean container cost (2026): $1,500-3,500/FEU (US→China direction typically cheaper than China→US). Air freight cost: $4-8/kg. Add 1-3 days for China customs clearance (standard goods).

Shipping Timeline from EU

EU → China: Ocean 25-35 days, $2,500-4,500/FEU. EU → US: Ocean 10-14 days, $2,000-3,500/FEU. EU → Japan: Ocean 25-35 days, $2,500-4,000/FEU.

Shipping Timeline to EU

From China: Ocean (Shanghai→Rotterdam) 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,500/FEU. Air 2-3 days, $4-7/kg. From US: Ocean (NY→Rotterdam) 10-14 days, $2,000-3,500/FEU. Air 1-2 days, $3-6/kg. From Japan: Ocean (Tokyo→Hamburg) 25-35 days via Suez, $2,500-4,000/FEU. From Korea: Ocean 25-32 days, $2,200-3,800/FEU. Customs clearance: 1-3 days typical.

Single Administrative Document (SAD)

Standard EU customs declaration form. Filed electronically. Contains: importer details, goods description, HS/CN code, origin, customs value, duty calculation.

Commercial Invoice

Must include: seller/buyer, description, quantity, value, Incoterms, origin country.

Packing List

Detailed contents per package: weights, dimensions, marks.

Bill of Lading / Air Waybill

Transport document for cargo release.

Certificate of Origin / EUR.1

Required for preferential tariff rates under FTAs/EPAs. EUR.1 movement certificate or origin self-declaration. For EU-Japan EPA: origin declaration on invoice by approved exporter.

CE Declaration of Conformity

Manufacturer's/importer's declaration that product meets applicable EU directives. Must accompany the product and be available to customs authorities on request.

Pre-arrival Safety & Security (ICS2)

Since March 2024, all goods entering the EU must have Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) filed via ICS2 system before arrival. Air cargo: before loading. Ocean cargo: 24h before loading at port of departure.

Customs Declaration (SAD/Electronic)

Import declaration filed electronically via national customs system (e.g., ATLAS in Germany, DELTA in France). Single Administrative Document (SAD) or electronic equivalent. EU moving to fully electronic customs by 2028.

Customs Examination & Release

Risk-based inspection. Green channel (immediate release), Orange (document check), Red (physical inspection). AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) certified importers get expedited processing. Typical clearance: 1-3 business days.

Pay Customs Duty + VAT

Pay customs duty (TARIC rate) + import VAT. VAT paid at import can be reclaimed as input tax by VAT-registered businesses. Germany: 19% VAT. France: 20%. Netherlands: 21%. Italy: 22%. Varies by member state.

EU TARIC Tariff — Electronics (HS 85)

Most electronics: 0% under WTO ITA. EU is ITA signatory. HS 8517, 8471, 8528 = Free. Non-ITA electronics may have 2-14% MFN rates. Check TARIC database for exact rates. EU-Japan EPA: additional tariff elimination for Japanese goods (most electronics already Free). EU-Korea FTA: tariff elimination for Korean goods. No EU-China FTA: Chinese goods pay MFN rates (but most electronics = Free under ITA). No EU-US FTA: US goods pay MFN rates.

EU Import VAT

Import VAT applied on (customs value + duty + transport to EU border). Rate varies by member state: Germany 19%, France 20%, Netherlands 21%, Spain 21%, Italy 22%, Sweden 25%. VAT-registered businesses can reclaim import VAT as input tax credit. Reverse charge mechanism available in some countries for B2B imports.

CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)

EU CBAM transitional phase since October 2023. Full implementation from January 2026. Applies to: iron/steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, electricity, hydrogen. Importers must purchase CBAM certificates reflecting the carbon price. Electronics (HS 85) NOT currently covered by CBAM. May expand in future.

EU-Japan EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement)

In effect since February 2019. EU's largest bilateral trade deal. Japan eliminated tariffs on ~97% of EU exports. EU eliminated tariffs on ~99% of Japanese imports. Electronics: already Free under ITA. Key benefits: food/agriculture (cheese, wine, pork from EU), auto parts, chemicals. Origin proof: self-declaration by approved/registered exporters.

CE Marking (Conformité Européenne)

MANDATORY for products sold in the EU/EEA. Not a quality mark — it's a legal declaration that the product complies with applicable EU directives. For electronics: LVD (Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU), EMC Directive 2014/30/EU, RED (Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU for wireless devices), RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU. Manufacturer/importer is responsible. Some products require Notified Body involvement. Timeline: 4-12 weeks. Cost: $5,000-30,000 depending on product complexity.

RED (Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU)

Mandatory for ALL radio equipment (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, NFC, etc.) sold in EU. Covers: safety, EMC, and efficient use of radio spectrum. Most products can use self-declaration with harmonized standards, but some need Notified Body. Equipment must be registered in REDCA database before placing on EU market.

REACH & RoHS Compliance

REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals): applies to all products containing chemicals. Importers must ensure substances are registered. SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern) above 0.1% must be declared. RoHS: restricts hazardous substances in electronics (lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.). EU RoHS aligns with but differs from China RoHS.

WEEE (Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment)

Importers/producers must register with national WEEE authority in each EU member state where they sell. Finance collection and recycling of e-waste. Registration required BEFORE placing products on market.